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The Interpretation of Dreams
In 1897 Sigmund Freud began his famous course of
self-analysis. He had already noticed that dreams played an important role in
his analysis of neurotic and "hysterical" patients. As he encouraged them to
free-associate, that is, talk about whatever came into their minds, they often
referred to their dreams, which would set off other associations and often
illuminate other important connections in their past experience. Freud also had
noticed that hallucinations in psychotic patients were very much like dreams.
Based on these observations, Freud began to believe that sleeping dreams were
nearly always, like day-dreams, wish fulfillment.
Freud had always been an active dreamer, and much of his self-analysis focused
on dreams, convincing him conclusively in the wish-fulfillment theory. Within a
few months of beginning his self-analysis, he decided to write a book about
dreams. He looked into the literature and was pleased to see that no one had
proposed his idea before. In fact, most people believed dreams were just
nonsense. It took Freud about two years to write The Interpretation of Dreams,
finishing it in September 1897. It was published late in the year and released
in 1900. Freud was paid about $209.
The book explained the double level of dreams: the actual dream with its
"manifest content," and the dream's true if hidden meaning, or "latent content."
The idea of dream as wish-fulfillment was explained, and he introduced the
theory that sexuality was an important part of childhood, a shocking idea at the
time. He also outlined a sort of universal language of dreams, by which they
might be interpreted.
Most people now agree that The Interpretation of Dreams was Freud's most
important work, but it took eight years to sell the 600 copies printed in 1900.
In the first year and a half, no scientific journal reviewed it and few other
periodicals mentioned it. It was largely ignored, though in psychological
journals it received crushing reviews. One critic warned that "uncritical minds
would be delighted to join in this play with ideas and would end up in complete
mysticism and chaotic arbitrariness."
In 1910, however, Freud's overall work was becoming better known and a second
edition was printed. There would be six more in Freud's lifetime, the last in
1929. He changed very little in the book, only adding illustrations, elaborating
certain ideas, and adding to the portions on symbolism. The book was translated
into English and Russian in 1913, and into six more languages by 1938. Though he
was a prolific writer, The Interpretation of Dreams remained Freud's most
original work. Despite the initial cold reception, Freud himself knew it was a
breakthrough. "Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime,"
he wrote.
The Interpretation of Dreams (3rd edition) by
Sigmund Freud
Translated by A. A. Brill (1911)
Table of Contents
Preface to the Third, Second, and First Editions
Chapter I: The Scientific Literature Dealing with the Problems of Dreams
A. The Relation of Dreams to Waking Life
B. The Material of Dreams -- Memory in Dreams
C. The Stimuli and Sources of Dreams
1. External Sensory Stimuli
2. Internal (Subjective) Sensory Excitations
3. Internal Organic Somatic Stimuli
4. Psychical Sources of Stimulation
D. Why Dreams are Forgotten after Waking
E. The Distinguishing Psychological Characteristics of Dreams
F. The Moral Sense in Dreams
G. Theories of Dreaming and its Function
H. The Relations between Dreams and Mental Diseases
Chapter II: The Method of Interpreting Dreams: An Analysis of a Specimen Dream
Chapter III: The Dream as Wish-Fulfilment
Chapter IV: Distortion in Dreams
Chapter V. The Material and Sources of Dreams
A. Recent and Indifferent Materials in Dreams
B. Infantile Material as a Source of Dreams
C. The Somatic Sources of Dreams
D. Typical Dreams
1. Embarrassing Dreams of Being Naked
2. Dreams of the Death of Persons of Whom the Dreamer is Fond
3. Other Typical Dreams
4. Examination Dreams
Chapter VI: The Dream-Work
A. The Work of Condensation
B. The Work of Displacement
C. The Means of Representation in Dreams
D. Considerations of Representability
E. Representation by Symbols in Dreams -- Some Further Typical Dreams
F. Some Examples -- Calculations and Speeches in Dreams
G. Absurd Dreams -- Intellectual Activity in Dreams
H. Affects in Dreams
I. Secondary Revision
Chapter VII: The Psychology of the Dream-Processes
A. The Forgetting of Dreams
B. Regression
C. Wish-Fulfillment
D. Arousal by Dreams -- The Function of Dreams -- Anxiety Dreams
E. The Primary and Secondary Processes -- Repression
F. The Unconscious and Consciousness -- Reality
Bibliography
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